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Nationalism in the 21st Century: Definitions, Drivers, and Global Trends

An examination of modern nationalism—its core principles, historical continuities, and the ways it shapes politics, identity, and global power structures today. Introduction Nationalism, long a force in shaping nation-states and international conflict, has reemerged as a defining factor in global politics. From populist movements in the West to ethnic

Understanding Strategic Autonomy: Origins, Principles, and the Debate in a Multipolar World

Abstract: A definition of strategic autonomy—its historical roots, key interpretations, and contemporary debates across defense, economic policy, and geopolitical alignment. Introduction Strategic autonomy has become a defining term in 21st-century geopolitical discourse, particularly within the context of the European Union, emerging multipolarity, and increasing systemic competition among great powers.

Digital Sovereignty: A Comprehensive Definition

“Who owns the data owns the future.” That mantra sits at the heart of digital sovereignty—the ability of a state (or region, company or citizen) to control the data, infrastructure and technologies on which its economy and democracy now depend. From Brussels’ record fines under the Digital Markets Act

Turkey's Role in NATO 2025: The Alliance's Reluctant Power Broker

As NATO approaches its 80th anniversary in 2025, no member state presents a bigger paradox than Turkey. Strategically vital yet politically divisive, Turkey has evolved from being NATO’s southeastern bulwark to its unpredictable power broker. Geography Is Destiny Turkey's unique position at the crossroads of Europe, Asia,

Africa's New Trade Routes 2025: Rewiring Global Commerce

In 2025, Africa is no longer just the "next big thing" in global economics—it is the current big thing. A wave of new trade routes, driven by unprecedented infrastructure investment and regional cooperation, is reshaping not only Africa’s internal dynamics but also the architecture of global

BRICS Currency 2025: How It Could Redefine the Global Dominance of the USD

Opinion In 2025, the global financial system may face one of its most significant disruptions yet: the launch of a new BRICS currency. Spearheaded by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, this initiative aims to challenge the long-standing hegemony of the U.S. dollar (USD) in global trade and

Geoeconomics vs. Geopolitics: Understanding the New Global Game

In an increasingly multipolar world, the boundary between economic policy and strategic competition is blurring. Geoeconomics — the use of economic instruments for geopolitical objectives — has emerged as a key domain of statecraft. But how does it differ from traditional geopolitics, and why is this distinction important for understanding today’s

Weaponized Interdependence: How States Exploit Global Networks

Globalization was once seen as a force for peace and cooperation. But in the 21st century, the very interdependence created by global supply chains, financial systems, and digital infrastructure is being turned into a strategic weapon. This phenomenon — known as weaponized interdependence — enables states to coerce others by manipulating their

Strategic Autonomy in Europe: Between NATO and Self-Reliance

In the aftermath of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and amid growing uncertainty around U.S. defense commitments, the question of strategic autonomy in Europe has moved from abstract policy debate to urgent security imperative. European nations, particularly within the EU, are reassessing their reliance on NATO — especially

Understanding Gray Zone Conflict: Tactics and Implications

What is gray zone conflict? Explore how states exploit ambiguity, cyber tools, and proxy forces to compete below the threshold of war. Definitions, case studies, and strategic insights.